AN 7.67: Why does a fortress have only one pillar?

@frankk has asked for a doodle of AN 7.67, the simile of the fortress but it seems that we all have trouble understanding the role of the immovable pillar in the simile. Any thoughts would be appreciated. :grin:

I am wondering why a fortress would have only one pillar. How does that work? I am no expert in ancient building methods but it would seem that a fortress would be much more stable if it had multiple pillars. At least one in every corner…
The only way that makes sense to me is if the immovable pillar is at the door, so that enemies can’t break it down.

These are the sutta passages from Ajahn Thanissaro:

There is the case where a royal frontier fortress has a foundation post—deeply rooted, well embedded, immovable, & unshakable. With this first requisite of a fortress it is well provided for the protection of those within and to ward off those without.

and Bhikkhu Bodhi:

“Here, bhikkhus, in the king’s frontier fortress the pillar has a deep base and is securely planted, immobile, unshakable. A king’s frontier fortress is well provided with this first appurtenance for protecting its inhabitants and for warding off outsiders.

Bhante @Sujato, do you translate this as “pillar” as well? :anjal:

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Here’s an excerpt from MA 3, from the numata PDF, the agama parallel to AN 7.63.
They have watchtower instead of foundation post. If we can’t figure out a good pali representation, maybe we could go with teh watchtower?

  1. Just as a watchtower is constructed in the king’s border town, built
    firmly in the earth, indestructible, to ensure peace within and to control outside enemies—

in the same way, the noble disciple gains firm faith that is deeply settled in the Tathāgata, faith with firm roots that cannot be influenced by non-Buddhist renunciants or brahmins, or by gods, Māras, Brahmās, or anyone else in the world. This is how the noble disciple gains the “watchtower” of faith, which removes what is evil and unwholesome and develops wholesome states.

  1. Just as a moat is excavated [around] the king’s border town, very
    deep and wide, well designed and reliable, to ensure peace within and
    to control outside enemies;

in the same way, the noble disciple has at all times a sense of shame. What is shameful he knows as shameful,
[namely] evil and unwholesome states, which pollute and defile, which
have various evil consequences, and create the root cause of birth and
death. This is how the noble disciple gains the “moat” of a sense of
shame, which removes what is evil and unwholesome and develops
wholesome states.

  1. Just as a road surrounds the king’s border town, open and clear,
    level and wide, to ensure peace within and control outside enemies;

in the same way, the noble disciple at all times fears wrongdoing. What
is wrong he knows as wrong, [namely] evil and unwholesome states,
which pollute and defile, which will have various evil consequences,
which create the root cause of birth and death.

This is how the noble
disciple gains the “level road” of the fear of wrongdoing, which removes what is evil and unwholesome and develops wholesome states.

  1. Just as an army with four divisions is raised in the king’s border
    town, with elephant troops, cavalry, chariot troops, and infantry, to
    ensure peace within and to control outside enemies;

in the same way,
the noble disciple continuously applies effort, abandoning what is evil
and unwholesome and cultivating wholesome states. He constantly
arouses his mind, is single-minded and steadfast regarding the roots
of wholesomeness, without giving up his task.

This is how the noble
disciple gains the “army” of effort, which removes what is evil and
unwholesome and develops wholesome states.

  1. Just as weapons are provided for the troops of the king’s border
    town—bows and arrows, swords and spears—to ensure peace within
    and control outside enemies;

in the same way the noble disciple studies
widely and learns much, retaining and not forgetting it, accumulating
broad learning of what is called the Dharma, which is good in the
beginning, good in the middle, and good in the end, which has [proper]
meaning and expression, is endowed with purity, and reveals the holy
life. In this way he studies widely and learns much regarding all the
teachings, familiarizing himself with them even a thousand times, mentally considering and contemplating them with knowledge, vision, and
profound penetration.

This is how the noble disciple gains the “weapon”
of much learning, which removes what is evil and unwholesome and
develops wholesome states.

  1. Just as a general is appointed as gatekeeper to the king’s border
    town, one who is sharp-witted and wise in making decisions, brave
    and resolute, of excellent counsel, who allows entry to the good and
    keeps out the bad, to ensure peace within and to control outside enemies;

in the same way the noble disciple continuously practices mindfulness,
achieves right mindfulness, always recalling and not forgetting what
was done or heard long ago.

This is how the noble disciple gains the
“gatekeeping general” of mindfulness, which removes what is evil and
unwholesome and develops wholesome states.

  1. Just as a high rampart is constructed for the king’s border town,
    extremely solid, plastered with mud and painted with whitewash, to
    ensure peace within and to control outside enemies;

in the same way the noble disciple develops comprehension and wisdom, attains understanding concerning the rise and fall of phenomena, attains noble penetrative knowledge and discriminative understanding concerning the true cessation of suffering.

This is how the noble disciple gains the “rampart” of wisdom, which removes what is evil and unwholesome and develops wholesome states.

  1. Just as supplies of water, grass, and firewood are provided for the
    king’s border town to ensure peace within and control outside enemies;

in the same way the noble disciple, separated from desires, separated
from evil and unwholesome states, with initial and sustained application of the mind, with joy and happiness born of seclusion, dwells having attained the first absorption.

He abides in a happiness that lacks nothing, a peaceful happiness that leads naturally to nirvana.

  1. Just as plenty of rice is harvested and plenty of wheat is stored up
    in the king’s border town to ensure peace within and to control outside
    enemies;

in the same way the noble disciple, through the calming of
initial and sustained application of the mind, with inward stillness and mental one-pointedness, without initial and sustained application of the mind, with joy and happiness born of concentration, dwells having attained the second absorption.

He abides in a happiness that lacks nothing, a peaceful happiness that leads naturally to nirvana.

  1. Just as large amounts of grain and beans of various sorts are
    amassed in the king’s border town to ensure peace within and to control
    outside enemies; in the same way the noble disciple, separated from
    joy and desire, dwelling in equanimity and not seeking anything, with
    right mindfulness and right attentiveness, experiencing pleasure with
    the body, dwells having attained the third absorption, which the noble
    ones speak of as noble equanimity and mindfulness, a happy abode.

He abides in a happiness that lacks nothing, a peaceful happiness that
leads naturally to nirvana.

  1. Just as ghee, honey, sugarcane, sugar, fish, salt, and dried meat
    are stored up in the king’s border town, being equipped with all of
    these to ensure peace within and to control outside enemies; in the
    same way the noble disciple, with the cessation of pleasure and pain,
    and with the earlier cessation of joy and displeasure, with neither-painnor-pleasure, equanimity, mindfulness, and purity, dwells having
    attained the fourth absorption,

abiding in a happiness that lacks nothing, a peaceful happiness that leads naturally to nirvana.

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It’s nothing to do with ancient buildings!
Fortress is the body…and the pillar is the mind!

Hi Venerable

Perhaps it is referring to the indakhīla (Indra’s Post).

Some of the more ancient settlements in Thailand still preserve examples of these. In Lanna quarters, it’s known as the Intakhin; in others, it’s called a lak meung.

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The Pali here is esika, which is apparently originally derived from “reed”. It is a stock term in Pali that denotes firmness and stability, and is equivalent to the indakhīla referred to by Sylvester.

Curiously enough, the Sanskrit dictionaries don’t appear to have a closely related term, although we do find this:

In the śāñkhāyana Áranyaka it seems to denote the pin fixed in the bar of a pen to keep cattle in (argalesīke, bolt and pin’).

In Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit it is aiṣikā.

Perhaps the original sense was of a “bolt” or “pin” that would secure a door. In large city gates such a pin would become sizable, and it seems to have evolved into a large post stuck in the ground, to which the city gates were pinned for security. From there it eventually took on a purely symbolic role as in the modern Thai lak mueang.

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Yathindakhīlo paṭhaviṃsito siyā
Catubbhi vātehi asampakampiyo
Tathūpamaṃ sappurisaṃ vadāmi
Yo ariyasaccāni avecca passati
Idampi saṅghe ratanaṃ paṇītaṃ
Etena saccena suvatthi hotu.
.
An Indra pillar, planted in the earth,
that even the four winds cannot shake:
that, I tell you, is like the person of integrity,
who — having comprehended
the noble truths — sees.
This, too, is an exquisite treasure in the Sangha. Snp2.1

Not sure if it is related, but isn’t there something in the bible about cornerstones/foundation stones etc?

with metta

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A cornerstone (Greek: Άκρογωνιεîς, Latin: Primarii Lapidis) will sometimes be referred to as a “foundation-stone”, and is symbolic of Christ, whom the Apostle Paul referred to as the “head of the corner” and is the “Chief Cornerstone of the Church” (Ephesians 2:20). Many of the more ancient churches will place relics of the saints, especially martyrs, in the foundation stone.

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I just noticed that Venerable Nyanatiloka translates it as “Turm” (tower) in AN 7.67—which does of course make a lot of sense in terms of building a citadel. But can it be justified from the meaning of the word? From a feeble reed to a bolt and a pillar to a tower, that’s quite a journey!

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