I’ve been meditating quite a lot on AN 4.23 and DN 16 and the descriptions of final extinguishment without remainder and what these might be referencing and come to a new hypothesis.
As I’ve stated, I believe that Shakyamuni achieved final extinguishment without remainder the very same night as his supreme awakening. He laid down the burden totally and completely on that very night.
DN 16 is hard to understand with this conception, as it describes the final extinguishment without remainder as temporally coincidental with the physical death of the physical body. How is it possible that final extinguishment happens twice? Could it be that the term is used differently in different places? I’m not sure, but I have a new hypothesis.
Underneath the Bodhi tree Shakyamuni did achieve final extinguishment without remainder and laid down the burden never to take it up again. No longer appropriating the grasping aggregates as “I” nor “mine” dukkha was finally eliminated right there.
It would appear that dukkha was also eliminated with the physical death of the previously appropriated body of Gotama. But how can this dukkha be distinguished from the dukkha that was finally extinguished the night of Shakyamuni’s awakening? Here it is:
Then Venerable Ānanda entered a building, and stood there leaning against the door-jamb and crying, “Oh! I’m still only a trainee with work left to do; and my Teacher is about to become fully extinguished, he who is so kind to me!”
Then the Buddha said to the mendicants, “Mendicants, where is Ānanda?”
“Sir, Ānanda has entered a dwelling, and stands there leaning against the door-jamb and crying: ‘Oh! I’m still only a trainee with work left to do; and my Teacher is about to become fully extinguished, he who is so kind to me!’”
So the Buddha addressed one of the monks, “Please, monk, in my name tell Ānanda that the teacher summons him.”
“Yes, sir,” that monk replied. He went to Ānanda and said to him, “Reverend Ānanda, the teacher summons you.”
“Yes, reverend,” Ānanda replied. He went to the Buddha, bowed, and sat down to one side. The Buddha said to him:
“Enough, Ānanda! Do not grieve, do not lament. Did I not prepare for this when I explained that we must be parted and separated from all we hold dear and beloved? How could it possibly be so that what is born, created, conditioned, and liable to wear out should not wear out, even the Realized One’s body? For a long time, Ānanda, you’ve treated the Realized One with deeds of body, speech, and mind that are loving, beneficial, pleasant, undivided, and limitless. You have done good deeds, Ānanda. Devote yourself to meditation, and you will soon be free of defilements.”
DN 16
Ananda - still a trainee - and many others lamented and appropriated the five aggregates on the Teacher’s behalf. This is the dukkha which ended with the final extinguishment of the Teacher upon the physical death of the body of Gotama and the subsequent dissolution of the aggregates.
“There are, Ānanda, deities—both in the sky and on the earth—who are percipient of the earth. With hair disheveled and arms raised, they fall down like their feet were chopped off, rolling back and forth, lamenting: Read chinnaṁpādaṁ viya papatanti.‘Too soon the Blessed One will become fully extinguished! Too soon the Holy One will become fully extinguished! Too soon the Eye of the World will vanish!’
DN 16
The Teacher hints at this in other places where he says after this final extinguishment he cannot be located by god’s or any other sentient beings. Just this is the dukkha that ceases at the final extinguishment coincidental with the physical death of the body that other’s appropriate on behalf of an awakened one.