What do EBTs say about vīmaṃsā, iddhipāda?

A very practical and fundamental set of principles conducive to awakening are the four bases of spiritual power / success, in Pali iddhipāda. The SN has a whole chapter dedicated to the four iddhipāda but it does not seem it is has not been a priority of English translators (up to now, right bhante @sujato?! :wink:).

From what I have read and heard so far, these four things are very useful and important in one’s practice, representing a fourfold foundation for the unfolding of the path.

The fourth principle of this set, vīmaṃsā, called my attention as sounding like a powerful wildcard in the internal aspects of the path. This is what few teachers have to say about it:

(…) The fourth base of success is vimamsa, the one that’s most difficult to translate. It covers the mind’s ability to discern, its ability to be ingenious — in other words, all the qualities of active intelligence. If you see that something is not working in your meditation, use your imagination to figure out another approach that’ll get better results. You can make the breath deeper, you can make it more shallow, you can make it come in and out different spots in the body. There’s a lot to play around with here.
Source: “Basics”, a Dhammatalk by Ajahn Thanissaro

If you do it (practice) with a sense of desire (chanda) for the results, a sense of persistence (viriya), intentness (citta), and circumspection (vimansa), you can keep on doing it without getting tired. When you do your work with this attitude, you can keep at it always. This is why our teachers were able to live with a sense of contentment even when they were out in the mountain wilds.
Source: Right Attitude, by Ajaan Suwat Suvaco

Chanda: being content to focus on the breath.
Viriya: trying to adjust the breath so that it’s comfortable.
Citta: paying attention to how the breath is flowing.
Vimansa: knowing how to use the breath to benefit every part of the body.
If we follow these four “paths to success,” they will lead us to liberating insight.
Source: “Binoculars”, a Dhamma talk by Ajahn Lee Dhammadharo

(…)These four qualities are like preservatives: Whoever is saturated with them won’t go sour or stale. And when we’re free from going stale, our work is bound not to stagnate and so is sure to succeed. (…)These four qualities are ‘sacca-kamma’ — actions that give rise to truth, achieving our purposes. Those who bring these qualities into themselves will become true people. (…)
A good example of this is our Lord Buddha, whose actions gave rise to truth and who thus was able to establish the religion so as to benefit people at large. Even the body he left behind still serves a purpose for human and divine beings.
For instance, his bones, which have become relics, are still with us even though he gained total liberation a long time ago. As for his teachings, they have lasted for more than 2,500 years. And he himself is deathless, i.e., he has entered total nibbana.
All of this was achieved by means of truth, i.e., the four bases of success.
Source: “What is the Triple Gem?”, by Ajahn Lee Dhammadharo

The intention of this topic is therefore to explore how much do EBTs expand on the specific topic of vīmaṃsā and in a broader sense the whole of the four iddhipāda.

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I think the 4ip (iddhi pada) are one of the Buddha’s commentaries on how right effort and right samadhi are working together. In the standard right effort formula, the refrain that appears for times

chandam janeti vayamati viriyam arrabhati . cittam pagganhati padahati”

You can see the first 3 of the 4ip appear in that refrain, in the same word order as 4ip. Only vimamsa is missing.

Vimamsa as an iddhi pada corresponds closely with dhamma-vicaya-sam-bodhi-anga, IMO. So this passage in SN 46.3 is illuminating:

(2. Dhamma-vicaya)
So tathā sato viharanto
He, thus mindfully dwelling,
taṃ dhammaṃ paññāya
that Dhamma (with) discernment,
pa-vicinati pa-vicarati
(he) discriminates, (he) evaluates,
pari-vīmaṃsam-āpajjati.
circumspect-investigation-(he)-enters-upon.
Yasmiṃ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu
on-the occasion, monks, a-monk
tathā sato viharanto
thus mindfully dwelling,
taṃ dhammaṃ paññāya
that Dhamma (with) discernment,
pa-vicinati pa-vicarati
(he) discriminates, (he) evaluates,
pari-vīmaṃsam-āpajjati.
circumspect-investigation-(he)-enters-upon.
Dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgo tasmiṃ samaye
Dhamma-investigation-awakening-factor on-that occasion
bhikkhuno āraddho hoti;
(the) monk has-aroused;
Dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgaṃ tasmiṃ samaye
Dhamma-investigation-awakening-factor on-that occasion
bhikkhu bhāveti;
(the) monk develops;
Dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgo tasmiṃ samaye
Dhamma-investigation-awakening-factor on-that occasion
bhikkhuno bhāvanā-pāripūriṃ gacchati.
(the) monk has-developed-(and)-fulfilled *******.

Notice the bolded term pari-vīmaṃsam-āpajjati. contains “vimamsa”.

So if you accept that dhamma-vicaya-sambojjhanga corresponds with vimamsa, SN 46.2 sheds some light on vimamsa as well:

Ko ca, bhikkhave,
“{And} what, monks, [is the]
āhāro an-uppannassa vā
nutriment (for) un-arisen
dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgassa uppādāya,
investigation-of-qualities-awakening-factor’s arising,
uppannassa vā dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgassa
(and) arisen investigation-of-qualities-awakening-factor’s
bhāvanāya pāripūriyā?
development (and) fulfillment?
Atthi, bhikkhave,
There-is, monks,
kusal-ākusalā dhammā,
wholesome-and-unwholesome states,
sāvajj-ānavajjā dhammā,
blameable-and-blameless states,
hīna-paṇītā dhammā,
inferior-and-superior states,
kaṇha-sukka-sap-paṭibhāgā dhammā.
dark-(and)-bright-with-counterpart states:
Tattha yoniso-manasi-kāra-bahulī-kāro–
(To) that-there, wise-mental-production-frequently-done,
ayam-āhāro an-uppannassa vā
is-the-nutriment (for) un-arisen
dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgassa uppādāya,
investigation-of-qualities-awakening-factor’s arising,
uppannassa vā dhamma-vicaya-sam-bojjh-aṅgassa
(and) arisen investigation-of-qualities-awakening-factor’s
bhāvanāya pāripūriyā.
development (and) fulfillment.

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In The Buddhist Path to Awakening, Gethin presents in great details the 7 sets that constitute the 27 wings to awakening. The iddhipada is one of the set.
There is a lot of overlapping between these sets and in the end Gethin suggests that to attain awakening any of the set will be enough to practice.
Personally my practice is the 8 foldPath. Meanwhile I make sure I incorporate into the 8FP factors some factors of the other sets when they add interesting aspects (e.g. discrimination of Dhammas and investigation in View, etc.).

Just a friendly reminder:

: Anjal:

@Gabriel_L

Could it be vimamsa
similar to dhamma vicaya?

I would suggest :
The sequence of 4 iddhipada
as below :

Vimamsa
Chanda
Viriya
Citta

That’s what @frankk suggested. Makes sense. But what do EBTs say about this? Is there any explicit equivalence?

Text , not much .

The 4 iddipada, being a ‘complete’ description/formulation of a path to Nibbana (being included in the 37 factors of enlightenment) has to contain within it an element of wisdom (Panna) and elements leading to unification of mind (samadhi). Vimamsa is quite clearly the wisdom component.

Yonisomanasikara is mentioned here as part of Vimamsa. That might work in conjunction with the other factors as in the Silavant sutta to take someone to Enlightenment: SN22.122.

With metta

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An interesting context where vīmaṃsā has been used as “vīmaṃsāya” is in sutta AN 8.54

It may be a stretch but maybe it’s possible to find the rest of the bases within the sentence even though they aren’t the exact same words:

chanda - in this case could be the desire for developing skill (dakkho) within a profession

viriya - definitions of both words seem to relate to energy/energetic (analaso)

citta - developing thoughts that hold the appropriate methods (tatrupāyāya) which are found (maybe???) through investigation (vīmaṃsāya)

Also it appears to be in the same order as in analysis on bases of success.

Perhaps it also makes more sense that the 4 iddhipada’s were mentioned for lay persons happiness in his work when even Mara has put them as the reason for why the Tathagata could be a successful ruler. (SN4.20)

Found a sutta called " Vīmaṁsakasutta"(MN 47)
Could this be interpreted as a step-by-step explanation of Vīmaṁsa?

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