What the Sutta's Describe about Nibbana

What the sutta’s describe about Nibbana (a quit large selection of texts)

The imperishable state of Nibbana

“Those who before in another world,'–so said the venerable Hemaka,–'explained to me the doctrine of Gotama, saying, “So it was, so it will be,” all that (was only) oral tradition, all that (was only) something that increased (my) doubts. I took no pleasure in that, but tell thou me the Dhamma that destroys desire, O Muni, which if a man has understood, and he wanders about thoughtful, he may cross desire in the world”
Buddha: ‘"In this world (much) has been seen, heard, and thought; the destruction of passion and of wish for the dear objects that have been perceived, O Hemaka, is the imperishable state of Nibbana. Those who, having understood this, are thoughtful, calm, because they have seen the Dhamma, tranquil and divine, such have crossed desire in this world’ (Snp5.9)

“That wise mendicant here rid of desire and lust has found the peace free of death, Nibbana, the state that does not pass”. (Snp1.11)

“He should discard all the fetters
And make a refuge for himself;
Let him fare as with head ablaze,
Yearning for the imperishable state.” (SN22.95)

“When the wise man is in the midst of fools,
they do not know him if he does not speak.
But they know him when he speaks,
teaching the deathless state”. (AN4.48, SN21.7)

"The born, become, produced,
made, fabricated, impermanent,
fabricated of aging & death,
a nest of illnesses, perishing,
come-into-being through nourishment
and the guide [that is craving]—
is unfit for delight.
The escape from that
Is calm, permanent,
a sphere beyond conjecture,
unborn, unproduced,
the sorrowless, stainless state,
the cessation of stressful qualities,
stilling-of-fabrications, bliss. (Iti43)

"Who has no more indulgences
No more perplexity since he knows
Through having reached the Deathless Sphere:
He is the one I call a brahmin (MN98)

"To the insuperable, the unchangeable (Nibbana), whose likeness is nowhere, I shall certainly go; in this (Nibbana) there will be no doubt (left) for me, so know (me to be) of a dispossessed mind (Snp5.17)

“There is, monks, an unborn, unbecome, unmade, unconditioned. If, monks there were not that unborn, unbecome, unmade, unconditioned, you could not know an escape here from the born, become, made, and conditioned. But because there is an unborn, unbecome, unmade, unconditioned, therefore you do know an escape from the born, become, made, and conditioned.” (Ud8.3)

Nibbana, the unsurpassed security from bondage

“The creature devoted to proliferation, who is delighted with proliferation, has failed to attain nibbana, the unsurpassed security from bondage. But one who has abandoned proliferation, who finds delight in non-proliferation, has attained nibbana, the unsurpassed security from bondage. (AN6.14 and endless others)

Nibbana, arrived at when craving is forsaken

“By what is the world tightly fettered?
What is its means of travelling about?
What is it that one must forsake
In order to say, ‘Nibbana’?”
“The world is tightly fettered by delight;
Thought is its means of travelling about.
Craving is what one must forsake
In order to say, 'Nibbana.”’ (SN1.64)

Nibbana, cessation of existence

"Friend Sariputta, apart from faith, apart from personal reference, apart from oral tradition, apart from reasoned reflection, apart from acceptance of a view after considering it , I know this, I see this: 'Nibbana is the cessation of existence’.
(…)
“Friend, though I have clearly seen as it really is with correct wisdom, ‘Nibbana is the cessation of existence,’ I am not an arahant, one whose taints are destroyed. Suppose, friend, there was a well along a desert road, but it had neither a rope nor a bucket. Then a man would come along, oppressed and afflicted by the heat, tired, parched, and thirsty. He would look down into the well and the knowledge would occur to him, ‘There is water,’ but he would not be able to make bodily contact with it. So too, friend, though I have clearly seen as it really is with correct wisdom, ‘Nibbana is the cessation of existence,’ I am not an arahant, one whose taints are destroyed.”

Sariputta describes a state of concentration that is not a jhana or perceiving this world or another world but still percipient. He describes it like this:
“One perception arose and another perception ceased in me: 'The cessation of existence is nibbana; the cessation of existence is nibbana. Just as, when a fire of twigs is burning, one flame arises and another flame ceases, so one perception arose and another perception ceased in me: 'The cessation of existence is nibbana; the cessation of existence is nibbana. On that occasion, friend, I was percipient: 'The cessation of existence is nibbana” (AN10.7)

Nibbana, a designation for the destruction of lobha, dosa and moha

“Friend Sariputta, it is said, ‘Nibbana, Nibbana.’ What now is Nibbana?”
"The destruction of lust, the destruction of hatred, the destruction of delusion: this, friend, is called Nibbana (SN38.1A)

Nibbana, perfect peace, free from fear

“He always sleeps well,
the brahmin who has attained nibbana,
cooled off, without acquisitions,
not tainted by sensual pleasures.
Having cut off all attachments,
having removed anguish in the heart,
the peaceful one sleeps well,
having attained peace of mind”. (AN3.35)

“The all-conquering heroic sage,
Freed from every bond is he;
He has reached that perfect peace,
Nibbāna which is free from fear. (Iti112, AN4.23))

“There is no fire like greed, no crime like hate, no suffering like the aggregates, no bliss beyond peace. (Dhp202)

"Cut off your affection in the manner of a man who plucks with his hand an autumn lotus. Cultivate only the path to peace, Nibbana, as made known by the Exalted One… (Dhp285)

Nibbana is pure

“This prince will reach the summit of perfect enlightenment, he will turn the wheel of the Dhamma, he who sees what is exceedingly pure (i.e. Nibbana), this (prince) feels for the welfare of the multitude, and his religion will be widely spread. (Snp3.11)

Nibbana, the Truth that is hard to see

“And it is hard to see this truth, namely, the stilling of all sankhara, the relinquishing of all attachments, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbana. (MN26)

“It’s hard to see what they call the ‘uninclined’, for the truth is not easy to see. For one who has penetrated craving, who knows and sees, there is nothing. (Ud8.2)

'What is not false, the Nibbana that the noble conceive as true, they verily from the comprehension of truth are free from desire (and) perfectly happy. (Snp3.12)

Nibbana, a matchless island

“For those who stand in the middle of the water, O Kappa,'–so said Bhagavat,–‘in the formidable stream that has set in, for those overcome by decay and death, I will tell thee of an island, O Kappa.’
'This matchless island, possessing nothing (and) grasping after nothing, I call Nibbana, the destruction of decay and death (Snp5.11)

Nibbana is the greatest bliss

"Hunger is the worst illness, conditions are the worst suffering. For one who truly knows this, Nibbana is the ultimate happiness. (Dhp203)

"Penance and chastity, discernment of the noble truths, and the realisation of Nibbana, this is the highest blessing. (Snp2.4)

“The greatest of all gains is health,
Nibbana is the greatest bliss,
The eightfold path is the best of paths
For it leads safely to the Deathless.” (MN75)

"The delightful expanse of level ground’: this is a designation for Nibbana. (SN22.84)

""Dispassion for the world is happiness for one who has gone beyond sensual pleasures. But dispelling the conceit ‘I am’ is truly the ultimate happiness.” (Ud2.1)
(This is called Nibbana in this very life in AN9.1)

“For the dependent there is agitation, for the independent there is no agitation.
“When there is no agitation there is calm, when there is calm there is no inclining.
“When there is no inclining, there is no coming or going.
“When there is no coming or going, there is no passing away and rebirth.
“When there is no passing away and rebirth, there is no here or hereafter or in between the two— just this is the end of suffering.” (Ud8.4)

“Strenuous for obtaining the supreme good (i.e. Nibbana), with a mind free from attachment, not living in idleness, being firm, endowed with bodily and mental strength, let one wander alone like a rhinoceros. (Snp1.3)

"Bhikkhus, (1) it is possible that a bhikkhu who considers nibbana to be happiness will possess a conviction in conformity [with the teaching]. (2) It is possible that one who possesses a conviction in conformity [with the teaching] will enter upon the fixed course of rightness. (3) It is possible that one who enters upon the fixed course of rightness will realize the fruit of stream-entry, (4) the fruit of once-returning, (5) the fruit of non-returning, (6) or arahantship. (AN6.101)

“Happiness, friends, is this nibbana. Happiness, friends, is this nibbana.”
When this was said, the Venerable Udayi said to the Venerable Sariputta: “But, friend Sariputta, what happiness could there be here when nothing is felt here?”
"Just this, friend, is the happiness here, that nothing is felt here. (AN9.34)

Nibbana as ground, destination and final goal

The Path has the deathless (nibbana) as its ground (also the enlightment factors and powers, all qualities)
. . - "Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view . . . right concentration, which has the Deathless as its ground, the Deathless as its destination, as its final goal (SN45.139, SN45.161))

“You weren’t able to grasp the limit to questioning. For, Radha the holy life is lived with Nibbana as its ground, Nibbana as its destination, Nibbana as its final goa1." (SN23.1)

Nibbana, a dimension beyond the world?

“There is, mendicants, that dimension where there is no earth, no water, no fire, no wind; no dimension of infinite space, no dimension of infinite consciousness, no dimension of nothingness, no dimension of neither perception nor non-perception; no this world, no other world, no moon or sun. There, mendicants, I say there is no coming or going or remaining or passing away or reappearing. It is not established, does not proceed, and has no support. Just this is the end of suffering.” (Ud8.1)

Two Nibbana elements

“These, bhikkhus, are the two Nibbāna-elements.”
These two Nibbāna-elements were made known
By the Seeing One, stable and unattached:
One is the element seen here and now
With residue, but with the cord of being destroyed;
The other, having no residue for the future,
Is that wherein all modes of being utterly cease.
Having understood the unconditioned state,
Released in mind with the cord of being destroyed,
They have attained to the Dhamma-essence.
Delighting in the destruction (of craving),
Those stable ones have abandoned all being. (Iti44)

Other designations for Nibbana

"Bhikkhus, I will teach you the truth and the path leading to the truth… … I will teach you the far shore . … the subtle . … the very difficult to see … . the unaging … . the stable .,. the undisintegrating . . the unrnanifest … . the unproliferated . … the peaceful . . . the deathless … the sublime … the auspicious …the secure . . … the destruction of craving . . . the wonderful … . the amazing … the unailing … the unailing state … Nibbana… . the unafflicted … dispassion … purity … freedom …the unadhesive … the island … the shelter … the asylum … the refuge . (SN43.13-43)

Nibbana, the deathless element

“Some time later the Venerable Anuruddha abandoned those three qualities and stopped attending to them. Instead, he directed his mind to the deathless element. Then, dwelling alone, withdrawn, heedful, ardent, and resolute, in no long time the Venerable Anuruddha realized for himself with direct knowledge, in this very life, that unsurpassed consummation of the spiritual life for the sake of which clansmen rightly go forth from the household life into homelessness, and haying entered upon it, he dwelled in it. He directly knew: “Destroyed is birth, the spiritual life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more coming back to any state of being.” And the Venerable Anuruddha became one of the arahants.( AN3.130)

“Those of us who are Dhamma specialists will praise those bhikkhus who are meditators. Thus should you train yourselves. For what reason? Because, friends, these persons are astounding and rare in the world who dwell having touched the deathless element with the body. (AN6.46)

"Bhikkhus, possessing six qualities, the householder Tapussa has reached certainty about the Tathagata and become a seer of the deathless, one who lives having realized the deathless. What six? Unwavering confidence in the Buddha, unwavering confidence in the Dhamma, unwavering confidence in the Sangha, noble virtuous behavior, noble knowledge, and noble liberation. Possessing these six qualities, the householder Tapussa has reached certainty about the Tathagata and become a seer of the deathless (AN6.119)

"When it was said: ‘Bhikkhus, I say that the destruction of the taints occurs in dependence on the first jhana,’ for what reason was this said? Here, secluded from sensual pleasures. . . a bhikkhu enters and dwells in the first jhana … . : He considers whatever phenomena exist there pertaining to form, feeling, perception, volitional activities, and consciousness as impermanent, suffering, an illness, a boil, a dart, misery, affliction, alien, disintegrating, empty, and non-self. He turns his mind away from those phenomena and directs it to the deathless element thus: 'This is peaceful, this is sublime, that is, the stilling of all activities, the relinquishing of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, nibbana If he is firm in this, he attains the destruction of the taints. But if he does not attain the destruction of the taints because of that lust for the Dhamma, because of that delight in the Damma then, with the utter destruction of the five lower fetters, he becomes one of spontaneous birth, due to attain final nibbana there without ever returning from that world. (AN9.36)

Search for Nibbana is the search for the not aging, not ailing, not dying

"There are, bhikkhus, these four noble quests. What four? (1) Here someone who is himself subject to old age, having understood the danger in what is subject, to old age, seeks the unaging unsurpassed security from bondage, nibbana; (2) who is himself subject to illness, having understood the danger in what is subject to illness, seeks the illness-free, unsurpassed security from bondage, nibbana; (3) who is himself subject to death, having understood the danger in what is subject to death, seeks the deathless, unsurpassed security from bondage, nibbana; (AN4.255)

Nibbana is neither dark nor bright

"Six ‘species’: Here, (a) one born in dark conditions lives a dark life, (b) one born in dark conditions lives a bright life, (c) one born in dark conditions attains Nibbana, which is neither dark nor bright, (d) one born in bright conditions lives a dark life, (e) one born in bright conditions leads a bright life, (f) one born in bright conditions attains Nibbana which is neither dark nor bright. (DN33)

Directly knowing or seeing Nibbana

"He directly knows Nibbana as Nibbana. Having directly known Nibbana as Nibbana, he should not conceive [himself as] Nibbana, he should not conceive [himself] in Nibbana, he should not conceive [himself apart] from Nibbana, he should not conceive Nibbana to be 'mine/ he should not delight in Nibbana. Why is that? So that he may fully understand it, I say. (MN1)

"Zeal then arose in me as I clearly saw nibbana.
Now I am incapable of indulging in sensual pleasures. (AN3.39)

Not obsessed by lust hate and delusion …”one does not intend for his own affliction, for the affliction of others, or for the affliction of both, and he does not experience mental suffering and dejection. It is in this way, too, that nibbana is directly visible".
… "When, brahmin, one experiences the remainderless destruction of lust, the remainderless destruction of hatred, and the remainderless destruction of delusion, it is in this way, too, that nibbana is directly visible, immediate, inviting one to come and see, applicable, to be personally experienced by the wise/. (AN3.55)

“It is said, friend, 'directly visible nibbana, directly visible nibbana. In what way has the Blessed One spoken of directly visible nibbana?”…(my words) jhana is a directly visible nibbana in provisional sense…but when all defilements are uprooted it is directly visible in a non-provisional sense (AN9.47)
(the same is said for final Nibbana and security in next sutta’s)

Nibbana, no agatation because of no clinging

“Bhikkhus, when ignorance is abandoned and true knowledge has arisen in a bhikkhu, then with the fading away of ignorance and the arising of true knowledge he no longer clings to sensual pleasures, no longer clings to views, no longer clings to rules and observances, no longer clings to a doctrine of self. When he does not cling, he is not agitated. When he is not agitated, he personally attains Nibbana. He understands: ‘Birth is destroyed, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more coming to any state of being.’” (MN11, MN37, and many others)

Merging with Nibbana

"Just as the river Ganges inclines towards the sea, slopes towards the sea, flows towards the sea, and merges with the sea, so too Master Gotama’s assembly with its homeless ones and its householders inclines towards Nibbana, slopes towards Nibbana, flows towards Nibbana, and merges with Nibbana. (MN73)

"Just as, whatever streams in the world flow into the great ocean and however much rain falls into it from the sky, neither a decrease nor a. filling up can. be seen in the great ocean, so too, even if many bhikkhus attain final nibbana by way of the nibbana element without residue remaining, neither a decrease nor a filling up can be seen in the nibbana element. This is the fifth astounding and amazing quality that the bhikkhus see in this Dhamma and discipline (AN8.19)

Final Nibbana past all measure

“These and also other great and mighty
Paccekabuddhas no more led to being -
Honour these sages who, transcending craving,
Have attained final Nibbana, past all measure.” (MN116)

Nibbana a state without suffering and conflict

"Here, bhikkhus, disengagement from the pursuit of self-mortification - painful, ignoble, and unbeneficial - is a state without suffering, vexation, despair, and fever, and it is the right way. Therefore this is a state without conflict.
"Here, bhikkhus, the Middle Way discovered by the Tathagata avoids both these extremes; giving vision, giving knowledge, it leads to peace, to direct knowledge, to enlightenment, to Nibbana. It is a state without suffering…and it is the right way. Therefore this is a state without conflict. (MN139)

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Nibbana, the unconditioned

"Bhikkhus, there are these three characteristics that define the conditioned. What three? An arising is seen, a vanishing is seen, and its alteration while it persists is seen. These are the three characteristics that define the conditioned.
“Bhikkhus, there are these three characteristics that define the unconditioned. What three? No arising is seen, no vanishing is seen, and no alteration while it persists is seen. These are the three characteristics that define the unconditioned.” (AN3.47)

“But, venerable sir, might there be another way in which a bhikkhu can be called skilled in the elements?”
“There might be, Ananda. There are, Ananda, these two elements: the conditioned element and the unconditioned element. When he knows and sees these two elements, a bhikkhu can be called skilled in the elements.”

Commentary by this sutta says: the conditioned element includes everything produced by conditions and is a designation for the five aggregates. The unconditioned element is Nibbana. (Bodhi, MN, note 1081)

The Noble Eightfold Path is the Path to the Unconditioned. (SN43.12)

"To whatever extent there are phenomena conditioned or unconditioned, dispassion is declared the foremost among them, that is, the crushing of pride, the removal of thirst, the uprooting of attachment, the termination of the round, the destruction of- craving, dispassion, cessation, nibbana. Those who have confidence in the Dhamma have confidence in the foremost, and for those who have confidence in the foremost, the result is foremost (AN4.34, AN5.32)

I believe we can also see in SN43.13 what unconditioned refers to:

“The taintless, the truth, the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating , the unnanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, Nibbana, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom.

The deathless: MN 140:

…the sage at peace is not born, does not age,

does not die.

“Having gone beyond all conceiving, one is called a sage at peace”.

Gone beyond conceiving is, i believe also refered to as:

Or,

I believe this sphere is not something we ourselve produce, make happen, create. It it is not some result of the Path we develop. I believe it refers to a state of empty openess. Not even a notion of ‘I am’ exist therein. It is free of self and anything belonging to self.

Conceiving khandha’s as me, mine, my self is what happens all the time, instinctively, out of habit. That makes us believe mind is not empty of self nor empty of anything belonging to self.

Later buddhist, like Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche teach that when this emptiness is really understood as the nature of mind, there is no suffering.
Suffering only relates to a me, my self that suffers.

I feel the Nikaya’s are not consistent in this. Sometimes it seems there is no end to suffering in this very life, and sometimes it seems there is.

I also wonder what is really the meaning of Nibbana element with residue remaining. Sometimes i feel that this residue is still a residue of grasping, such as for sotapannan, anugami and sakadagami. And then arahanthood would be no residue remaining. I know the sutta’s point to a situation after death of an arahant but i have doubts about this. Is ‘death’ still valid for an arahant, let alone, after death?
If we accept the death of the Tathagata or the arahant, then we also still identify the Tathagata and arahant with the body and mental processes.

I think i am gonne take some time how this concept of parinibanna is used in the sutta’s.

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Nibbana, the all surpassing peace

"This, monks, the Tathagata understands: These viewpoints thus grasped and adhered to will lead to such-and-such destinations in another world. This the Tathagata knows, and more, but he is not attached to that knowledge. And being thus unattached he has experienced for himself perfect peace, and having truly understood the arising and passing away of feelings, their attraction and peril and the deliverance from them, the Tathagata is liberated without remainder. (DN1)

“And the Venerable Anuruddha uttered this verse: ‘No breathing in and out - just with steadfast heart the Sage who’s free from lust has passed away to peace. With mind unshaken he endured all pains: By Nibbana the Illumined’s mind is freed.’ (DN16)

“Having gong forth, bhikkhus, in search of what is wholesome, seeking the supreme state of sublime peace…” MN26)

“The Blessed One is tamed and he teaches the Dhamma for taming oneself.
The Blessed One is at peace and he teaches the Dhamma for the sake of peace.
The Blessed One has crossed over and he teaches the Dhamma for crossing over.
The Blessed One has attained Nibbana and he teaches the Dhamma for attaining Nibbana.'" (MN35)

"For surely then they would not wish to harm me, nor would they think of harming other beings, so those who would protect all, frail or strong, let them attain the all-surpassing peace. (MN86)

“Bhikkhus, this supreme state of sublime peace has been discovered by the Tathagata, that is, liberation through not clinging, by understanding as they actually are the origination, the disappearance, the gratification, the danger, and the escape in the case of the six bases of contact. Bhikkhus, that is the supreme state of sublime peace discovered by the Tathagata, that is, liberation through not clinging, by understanding as they actually are the origination, the disappearance, the gratification, the danger, and the escape in the case of the six bases of contact.” (MN102)

“Enlightened was Mangala, free from lust;
Usabha cut the net, the root of suffering.
Uparuta attained the state of peace,
Purified, excellent, truly named. (MN116)

“By overcoming all conceivings, bhikkhu, one is called a sage at peace. And the sage at peace is not born, does not age, does not die; he is not shaken and is not agitated. For there is nothing present in him by which he might be born. Not being born, how could he age? Not ageing, how could he die? Not dying, how could he be shaken? Not being shaken, why should he be agitated?
“So it was with reference to this that it was said: ‘The tides of conceiving do not sweep over one who stands upon these [foundations], and when the tides of conceiving no longer sweep over him he is called a sage at peace.’ Bhikkhu, bear in mind this brief exposition of the six elements.” (MN140)

(to be continued)

"I ask thee, who art a kinsman of the Âdikkas and a great Risi, about seclusion (viveka) and the state of peace. How is a Bhikkhu, after having seen it, extinguished, not grasping at anything in the world?’ (Snp4.14)

I believe we also see here the real meaning of extinguishment, or being extinguished. It means…cooled, the passions are gone, i.e. there is no grasping at anything in the world. Nibbana is being extinguished in the sense of being completely fireless, cooled.

What is the base of this coolness, this peace? If there are merely formations arising and ceasing, how can there be this non-agitation, this state of supreme peace?
I feel, there is just no base for a supreme peace if there are only fast fleeting formations, aggregates, only the conditioned.

I feel that it is reasonable that the base of extinguishment, i.e. the cooled peace of Nibbana, is the asankhata element, that what has no characteristic to arise, cease and change.

Nibbana is a state to be attained here and now in this very life and not a state to be attained only after death. In terms of living experience Nibbana can be characterized by four special attributes: happiness, moral perfection, realization, and freedom.

Nibbana is the unconditioned…… therefore it is permanent!

Continuing, Nibbana, the peaceful state, the seat of peace

[The Blessed One:]
"Having conquered the army of the pleasant and agreeable,
Meditating alone, I discovered bliss,
The attainment of the goal, the peace of the heart. (SN4.25, AN10.26)

"How can anger arise in one who is angerless,
In the tamed one of righteous living,
In one liberated by perfect knowledge,
In the Stable One who abides in peace? (SN7.2)

“Proficient, long trained in concentration,
Honest, discreet, without longing,
The sage has attained the peaceful state,
Depending on which he bides his time
Fully quenched within himself.” (SN8.2)

“Develop meditation on the signless,
And discard the tendency to conceit.
Then, by breaking through conceit,
You will be one who fares at peace.” (SN8.4)

'This samsara is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on, hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving. But the remainderless fading away and cessation of ignorance, the mass of darkness: this is the peaceful state, this is the sublime state, that is, the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbana.(SN48.50)

“Having known the exquisiteness of form,
the origination of feelings,
how perception arises,
and where it disappears;
having known volitional activities
as alien, as suffering, and not as self, .
truly that bhikkhu who sees rightly,
peaceful, delights in the peaceful state.
He bears his final body,
having conquered Mara and his mount. (AN4.16)

“He is the vanquisher of all,
the wise one who has untied all knots.
He has reached the supreme peace,
nibbana, inaccessible to fear. (AN4.23)

‘“This I say,” so (I do now declare), after investigation there is nothing amongst the doctrines which such a one (as I would) embrace, O Mâgandiya,’-- so said Bhagavat,–'and seeing (misery) in the (philosophical) views, without adopting (any of them), searching (for truth) I saw "inward peace” (Snp4.9)

“I ask thee, who art a kinsman of the Âdikkas and a great Risi, about seclusion (viveka) and the state of peace. How is a Bhikkhu, after having seen it, extinguished, not grasping at anything in the world?’ (Snp4.14)

“Having heard of a hero free from lust,'–so said the venerable Gatukannin,–'who has crossed the stream, I have come to”ask him who is free from lust; tell me the seat of peace, O thou with the born eye (of wisdom), tell me this truly, O Bhagavat. (Snp5.12)

“One consummate in these faculties,
peaceful,
delighting in the peaceful state,
bears his last body,
having conquered Mara
along with his mount. (Iti62)

“Perceiving in terms of signs, beings
take a stand on signs.
Not fully comprehending signs, they
come into the bonds of death.
But fully comprehending signs, one
doesn’t construe a signifier.
Touching liberation with the heart,
the state of peace unsurpassed,
consummate in terms of signs,
peaceful,
delighting in the peaceful state,
judicious,
an attainer-of-wisdom
makes use of classifications
but can’t be classified (Iti63)

“Directly knowing all the world,
all the world as it really is,
from all the world disjoined,
in all the world unmatched.
Conquering all
in all ways,
enlightened,
released from all bonds,
he touches the foremost peace—
Nibbana, free from fear”. (Iti112)

The notion of nirvana in “Early Buddhism” (not “Pali Buddhism”) may be a suitable research topic/issue for a PhD on Buddhist studies?

On nirvana, cf. SN 22.90 = SA 262, p. 53, note 74:
Page 53 from The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism Choong Mun-keat 2000.pdf (87.8 KB)

Nibbana , The Unsurpassed Coolness, Cooled (extinguished fires)

"Bhikkhus, possessing six qualities, a bhikkhu is incapable of realizing the unsurpassed coolness. What six? (1) Here, a bhikkhu does not suppress the mind on an occasion when it should be suppressed; (2) he does not exert the mind on an occasion when it should be exerted; (3) he does not encourage the mind on an occasion when it should be encouraged; and (4) he does not look at the mind with equanimity on an occasion when one should look at it with equanimity. (5) He is of inferior disposition and (6) he takes delight in personal existence. Possessing these six qualities, a bhikkhu is incapable of realizing the unsurpassed coolness.
"Bhikkhus, possessing six qualities, a bhikkhu is capable of realizing the unsurpassed coolness. What six? (1) Here, a bhikkhu suppresses the mind on an occasion when it should be suppressed; (2) he exerts the mind on an occasion when it should be exerted; (3) he encourages the mind on an occasion when it should be encouraged; and (4) he looks at the mind with equanimity on an occasion when one should look at it with equanimity. (5) He is of superior disposition and (6) he takes delight in nibbana. Possessing these six qualities, a bhikkhu is capable of realizing the unsurpassed coolness (AN6.85)

“Four persons: Here a certain man (a) torments himself, is given to self-tormenting, (b) torments others, … (c) torments himself and others,… (d) torments neither himself nor others. Thereby he dwells in this life without craving, released, cool, enjoying bliss, become as Brahma. (DN33, AN4.198)

“Who leaves behind delight and discontent,
Who is cool and without attachment,
The hero who has transcended the whole world:
He is the one I call a brahmin. (MN98)

"Gift-worthy, knowledge-master, inwardly developed,
He deserves offerings from humans and devas.
Having expelled all evil, unsullied,
Cooled at heart, he comes seeking alms. (SN6.3)

“Having struck down conceit, humble,
One should pay homage to the arahants,
Those cool of heart, their tasks done,
The taintless ones, unsurpassed.” (SN7.16)

[The Blessed One:]
"Always indeed he sleeps well,
The brahmin who is fully quenched,
Who does not cling to sensual pleasures,
Cool at heart, without acquisitions. (SN10.8, AN3.35)

"Bhikkhus, though I assert and declare [my teaching] in such a way, some ascetics and brahmins untruthfully, baselessly, falsely, and wrongly misrepresent me, [by saying]: The ascetic Gotama does not proclaim the full understanding of sensual pleasures, the full understanding of forms, or the full understanding of feelings. But, bhikkhus, I do proclaim the full understanding of sensual pleasures, the full understanding of forms, and the full understanding of feelings. In this very life, hungerless, quenched, and cooled, I proclaim final nibbana through non-clinging. (AN10.29)

"Thus in this, very life he dwells hungerless, quenched and cooled, experiencing bliss, having himself become divine (AN3.66)

Nibbana, being hungerless (desireless)

“Here a certain kind of person torments himself and pursues the practice of torturing himself, and he also torments others and pursues the practice of torturing others. Here a certain kind of person does not torment himself or pursue the practice of torturing himself, and he does not torment others or pursue the practice of torturing others. Since he torments neither himself nor others, he is here and now hungerless, extinguished, and cooled, and he abides experiencing bliss, having himself become holy. (MN51, MN60, AN4.198)

“A disciple of the Buddha, mindful,
Concentrated, comprehending clearly,
Understands feelings
And the origin of feelings,
Where they finally cease,
And the path leading to their destruction.
With the destruction of feelings
A bhikkhu is hungerless and fully quenched. (SN36.1)

"He understands thus: 'Formerly; there was greed; that was unwholesome. Now there is none; thus this is wholesome. Formerly, there was hatred; that was unwholesome. Now there is none; thus this is wholesome. Formerly, there was delusion; that was unwholesome. Now there is none; this this is wholesome.
"Thus in this, very life he dwells hungerless, quenched and cooled, experiencing bliss, having himself become divine (AN3.66, AN4.198

“But, bhikkhus, I do proclaim the full understanding of sensual pleasures, the full understanding of forms, and the full understanding of feelings. In this very life,
hungerless, quenched, and cooled, I proclaim final nibbana through non-clinging ’ (AN10.29)

Nibbana, Freedom

"Who here in the world are placid?
Whose mode of life is not squandered?
Who here fully understand desire?
Who enjoy perpetual freedom?
“Whom do parents and brothers worship
When he stands firmly established?
Who is the one of humble birth
That even khattiyas here salute?”
"Ascetics are placid in the world;
The ascetic life is not squandered;
Ascetics fully understand desire;
They enjoy perpetual freedom.
"Parents and brothers worship an ascetic
When he stands firmly established
Though an ascetic be of humble birth
Even khattiyas here salute him. (SN1.81)

“'And, Paiicasikha, those of my disciples who have fully mastered my teaching have by their own super-knowledge realised, by the destruction of the corruptions in this very life, the uncorrupted freedom of heart and mind. (DN19)

“Those who do not accumulate and are wise regarding food, whose object is the Void (who’s domain is emptiness… is also translated, Green), the Unconditioned Freedom—their track cannot be traced, like that of birds in the air. (Dhp92)

“He whose cankers are destroyed and who is not attached to food, whose object is the Void, the Unconditioned Freedom—his path cannot be traced, like that of birds in the air. (Dhp93)

Nibbana and extinguishment

Here some info how ‘extinguish’ is used in the sutta’s. I see at least two ways:

  • Extinguishing as activity, as part of practice
  • Extinguishment as result

Some sutta’s about this below:

Ad.1 Extinguishing as activity

This is in the sutta’s described as the opposite of kindling.

“Suppose, bhikkhus, a man would drop a blazing grass torch into a thicket of dry grass. If he quickly extinguishes it with his hands and feet, the creatures living in the grass and wood will not meet with calamity and disaster. So too, if any ascetic or brahmin quickly abandons, dispels, obliterates, and annihilates the unrighteous perceptions that have arisen in him, he dwells happily in this very life, without vexation, despair, and fever; and with the breakup of the body, after death, a good destination may be expected for him.” (SN14.12)

“Therefore, bhikkhus, any kind of form whatsoever…any kind of feeling whatsoever … Any kind of perception whatsoever… Any kind of volitional formations whatsoever…any kind of consciousness whatsoever, whether past, future, or present, internal or external, gross or subtle, inferior or superior, far or near, all consciousness should be seen as it really is with correct wisdom thus: ‘This is not mine, this I am not, this is not my self.’
"This is called, bhikkhus, a noble disciple who dismantles and does not build up; who abandons and does not cling; who scatters and does not amass; who extinguishes and does not kindle. "And what is it that he dismantles and does not build up? He dismantles form and does not build it up. He dismantles feeling . . . perception . . . volitional formations . . . consciousness and does not build it up.
(…)
(Continue same sutta)
"And what is it that he extinguishes and does not kindle? He extinguishes form and does not kindle it. He extinguishes feeling . . . perception . . . volitional formations . . . consciousness and does not kindle it.
"Seeing thus, bhikkhus, the instructed noble disciple experiences revulsion towards form, revulsion towards feeling, revulsion towards perception, revulsion towards volitional formations, revulsion towards consciousness. Experiencing revulsion, he becomes dispassionate. Through dispassion [his mind] is liberated. When it is liberated there comes the knowledge: ‘It’s liberated.’ He understands: ‘Destroyed is birth, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more for this state of being.’
"This is called, bhikkhus, a noble disciple who neither builds up nor dismantles, but who abides having dismantled; who neither abandons nor clings, but who abides having abandoned; who neither scatters nor amasses, but who abides having scattered; who neither extinguishes nor kindles, but who abides having extinguished. (SN22.79)

The greed, the desire, the delight in the khandha’s is like kindling them. They burn. The All burns in this way. Extinguished means that the All does not burn anymore.

“ As a house on fire is extinguished by water, so also the wise, sensible, learned, clever man rapidly drives away sorrow that has arisen, as the wind a tuft of cotton. Snp3.8)

"Cunda, that one who is himself sinking in the mud should pull out another who is sinking in the mud is impossible; that one who is not himself sinking in the mud should pull out another who is sinking in the mud is possible. That one who is himself untamed, undisciplined, [with defilements] unextinguished, should tame another, discipline him, and help extinguish [his defilements] is impossible; that one who is himself tamed, disciplined, [with defilements] extinguished, should tame another, discipline him, and help extinguish [his defilements] is possible.
One given to killing living beings has abstention from killing living beings by which to extinguish it.
(3-43) One given to… .by which to extinguish it.
(44) One given to adhere to his own views, who holds on to them tenaciously and relinquishes them with difficulty, has non-adherence to his own views, not holding on to them tenaciously and relinquishing them easily, by which to extinguish it.
(…)
"So, Cunda, the way of effacement has been taught by me, the way of inclining the mind has been taught by me, the way of avoidance has been taught by me, the way leading upwards has been taught by me, and the way of extinguishing has been taught by me. (MN8)

"Suppose, bhikkhus, an oil lamp was burning in dependence on oil and a wick, and a man would pour oil into it and adjust the wick from time to time. Thus, sustained by that oil, fueled by it, that oil lamp would bum for a very long time. So too, when one lives contemplating gratification in things that can fetter, craving increases… … Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.
(…)
“Suppose, bhikkhus, an oil lamp was burning in dependence on oil and a wick, and the man would not pour oil into it or adjust the wick from time to time. Thus, when the former supply of fuel is exhausted, that oil lamp, not being fed with any more fuel, lacking sustenance, would be extinguished. So too, when one lives contemplating danger in things that can fetter, craving ceases… … Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.” (SN12.53, SN12.53)

"Seeing thus, bhikkhus, the instructed noble disciple experiences revulsion towards form, revulsion towards feeling, revulsion towards perception, revulsion towards volitional formations, revulsion towards consciousness. Experiencing revulsion, he becomes dispassionate. Through dispassion [his mind] is liberated. When it is liberated there comes the knowledge: ‘It’s liberated.’ He understands: ‘Destroyed is birth, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more for this state of being.’
"This is called, bhikkhus, a noble disciple who neither builds up nor dismantles, but who abides having dismantled; who neither abandons nor clings, but who abides having abandoned; who neither scatters nor amasses, but who abides having scattered; who neither extinguishes nor kindles, but who abides having extinguished.
(…)
"And what is it that he neither extinguishes nor kindles, but abides having extinguished? He neither extinguishes nor kindles form, but abides having extinguished it. He neither extinguishes nor kindles feeling… perception…volitional formations…consciousness, but abides having extinguished it. "When, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu is thus liberated in mind, the devas together with Indra, Brahma, and Pajapati pay homage to him from afar: (SN22.79)

I believe…having extinguished the khandha’s here is not like they are gone but they grow cool. The burden is not taken up.

Ad. 2 Extinguishment as result (=Nibbana, the definitive extinguishment of the inner fires, the cessation of all craving, coolness, quenched, peace)

“I am the Accomplished One in the world,
I am the Teacher Supreme.
I alone am a Fully Enlightened One
Whose fires are quenched and extinguished. (MN26)

“Drawing in the mind’s thoughts
As a tortoise draws its limbs into its shell,
Independent, not harassing others, fully quenched,
A bhikkhu would not blame anyone.” (SN1.17)

“The five aggregates are truly burdens,
The burden-carrier is the person.
Taking up the burden is suffering in the world,
Laying the burden down is blissful.
Having laid the heavy burden down
Without taking up another burden,
Having drawn out craving with its root,
One is free from hunger, fully quenched.” (SN22.22)

“And people fight with one another,
Among those who fight, they do not fight;
Among the violent, they are quenched;
Among those who grasp, they do not grasp:
These are the ones whom I worship, Matali.’ (SN11.20)

“The wise one, learned, does not feel
The pleasant and painful [mental] feeling.
This is the great difference between
The wise one and the worldling.
For the learned one who has comprehended Dhamma,
Who clearly sees this world and the next,
Desirable things do not provoke his mind,
Towards the undesired he has no aversion.
For him attraction and repulsion no more exist;
Both have been extinguished, brought to an end.
Having known the dust-free, sorrowless state,
The transcender of existence rightly understands. (SN36.6)

“When one has understood the impermanence of feeling …of perception… of volitional formations…of consciousness, its change, fading away, and cessation, and when one sees as it really is with correct wisdom thus: ‘In the past and also now all consciousness is impermanent, suffering, and subject to change,’ then sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair are abandoned. With their abandonment, one does not become agitated. Being unagitated, one dwells happily. A bhikkhu who dwells happily is said to be quenched in that respect.” (SN22.43)

“Here a certain kind of person does not torment himself or pursue the practice of torturing himself, and he does not torment others or pursue the practice of torturing others. Since he torments neither himself nor others, he is here and now hungerless, extinguished, and cooled, and he abides experiencing bliss, having himself become holy. (MN51, MN60. MN94)

“There comes a time, friends, sooner or later after a long period, when this world contracts….Beings are born in the Abhassara Brahmi world and stay there a long time. When this world expands, one being falls from there and arises in an empty Brahmi palace. He longs for company, other beings appear, and he and they believe he created them.
That, Reverend Sirs, is how it comes about that you teach that all things began with the creation by a god, or Brahma.”
And they said: “We have heard this, Reverend Gotama, as you have explained.”
But I know the first beginning of things. . . and not being under the sway of what I know I have come to know that quenching by the realisation of which the Tathagata cannot fall into perilous ways. (DN24)

"Just as, Assaji, an oil lamp bums in dependence on the oil and the wick, and with the exhaustion of the oil and the wick it is extinguished through lack of fuel, so too, Assaji, when a bhikkhu feels a feeling terminating with the body … terminating with life . . . He understands: with the breakup of the body, following the exhaustion of life, all that is felt, not being delighted in, will become cool right there (SN22.88)

"A great fire all ablaze
settles down when deprived of fuel,
and when all the coals have gone out,
it is said to be extinguished.
"This simile, which conveys the meaning,
was taught by the wise.
Great nagas will know the naga
that was taught by the naga.
“Devoid of lust, devoid of hatred,
devoid of delusion, without taints,
the naga, discarding his body,
taintless, is utterly quenched
and attains final nibbana;” (AN6.43)

“‘I am free from anger, free from stubbornness,’–so said Bhagavat,–‘I am abiding for one night near the banks of the Mahî (river), my house is uncovered, the fire (of passions) is extinguished: therefore, if thou like, rain, O sky!’ (Snp1.2)

“‘The rich religious life which Kappâyana led, has not that been in vain (to him), has he been (completely) extinguished; or is he still with some elements of existence (left behind)? How he was liberated, that we want to hear.’
Bhagavat: ‘He cut off the desire for name and form in this world,’–so said Bhagavat,-
-‘Kanha’s (i.e. Mâra’s) stream, adhered to for a long time, he crossed completely birth and death,’ so said Bhagavat, the best of the five (Brâhmanas, pañkavaggiyâ). (Snp2.13)

“'Who except the noble deserve the well-understood state (of Nibbâna)? Having perfectly conceived this state, those free from passion are completely extinguished. (Snp3.12)

“I ask thee, who art a kinsman of the Âdikkas and a great Isi, about seclusion (viveka) and the state of peace. How is a Bhikkhu, after having seen it, extinguished, not grasping at anything in the world?’ (see Snp5.14)

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I believe such words as Tathagata, arahant, sotapanna, puthujana are used as pointers. But what do they point to?

I believe, these words are used to point to a level of defilement of mind, or more practically spoken: distortion of minds natural ability to know.

When there is no distortion of minds ability to know, then this ability to know functions as a bare awareness. Bare awareness in the sense of: In the seen is now merely the seen, in the heard merely the heard, in the felt merely the felt, in the known merely the known. Then there is no attitude towards the seen (etc). There no me and mine making of the seen (etc) etc. In short: there are no extra’s. Naked or bare awareness.

When the mind is not yet really aware of distortion and how distortion of the ability to know contributes to ones own suffering and that of others, that is the level of the worldling. The worldling does not not yet seek an answer to suffering in her/his own mindprocesses. This mind is not yet sensitive or aware of how ones own mindprocesses burden oneself and others.

How do the sutta’s speak of bare awareness? As: Seeing things as they really are, i.e. rupa as rupa, vedana as vedana…Nibbana as Nibbana. No extra are involved. No attitudes, no like, dislike, no me and mine making, and no conceiving.

So, for a worlding and all other levels, except arahant, minds natural ability to know still does not 100% function as a bare awareness. Things like emotions, views, tendencies, me and mine making and conceiving what is experienced, still habitually happen in this mind. It can still capture and distort minds natural ability to know, which is a bare awareness. (AN1.51)

When bare awareness does not become distorted anymore and it remains a bare awareness, that is pointed to with the word ‘arahant’. This is not refering to a person, i believe, but a designation for minds ability to know always functioning as bare awareness.

Bare awareness means: there is no habitual arising involvement anymore with what is sensed via emotions, tendencies, views and conceit. This is gone.

Because minds natural ability to know is in essence a bare awareness, not habitually involved in arising feelings and perceptions, uninclined, the escape from suffering lies there. All we have to do is removing all that leads to involvement, in short…tanha, and in more detail removing 7 anusaya.

When this is realised this is called Nibbana or from Pali translated, extinguishment in this very life. It does not refer to going out like a flame but it refers to the end of the fire of involvement with rupa, vedana, sanna, sankhara and vinnana. The All is now not anymore on fire. That i clearly see as the the meaning of Nibbana, extinguishment.

It points to a non-involved bare awareness, and the quality of this detached bare awareness is peace, coolness. That is why Nibbana, extinguishment of inner fires, is also expressed that way. As Supreme peace and supreme coolness (see series of post above)

Only incoming adventitious defilements give us the impression that mind natural ability to know is something different then an empty, desireless bare awareness. That message i also read in the sutta’s. This incoming defilements distort.

All we can do is remove all that distorts, meaning, all that hinders that mind natural knowing ability functions as a non involved bare awareness. Bare awareness is dispassionate, cool, not on fire, peaceful, freed, empty too.

Some believe that Nibbana is nowhere spoken of as mind, or the ability to know.
But i do never see anything else. Realising Nibbana points to realising minds knowing ability in its most pure state of bare knowing. This is purity. Here minds knowing ability functions without any extras and any habitually involvement in the senses.

This is a uninclined, dispassionate kind knowing ability.

The abandoning of greed, hate and delusion means that minds natural ability to know remains what it always was, is and will be, a bare awareness without inclinations, desires, empty, signless.

Hope this can be of help.

Minds natural ability to know, i do not see as a sense-vinnana, but as that what precedes sense vinnana’s, and is prerequisite for any sense vinnana to arise.
Perception, feelings, sense moments arise IN the mind. I feel that is the best way to talk about this. If eye vinnana’s arises, it is not that mind natural ability to know at that time arises. If ear vinnana ceases it is not that minds natural ability to know at that moment ceases.

Mind, as mind natural ability to know, is the forerunner of all phenomena Dhp1. But as forerunner it is not a phenomena it is more like an empty and open dispassionate dimension in our lifes with an ability to know. Later buddhist speak about the inseperable emptiness and clarity. I also see this in the suttas

Thinking about this , in reality not really 5 aggregates arise. It is really one heap, one state of aggregation that arises and not five. This one heap of conditions is what we call our experience. In practice it is one heap.

So, What we experience is a heap of different conditions but those can not be seperated from eachother (MN43). The coming together, the heaping up of feelings, memories, associations, signs, reactions etc etc. that is what our experience consist of. One heap. One state of aggregation and not five.

Probably this division in 5 aggregates is only made because the mind can attach to different aspect of what is being experienced?

In the same line of thoughts: When mind remains empty and undirected, not involved with arising formations, this also means no aggregation takes place. No heaping up of conditions.

The way we experience things now is different from being a heap. Nothing is built-up, constructed. Minds natural ability to know does not coarsen. It remains very subtle and empty. Minds natural ability to know is not a phenomena but more like a dispassionate empty dimension in our lifes. (So maybe calling this mind is a bit confusing but if one can follow the thoughts, this may not be a huge problem)

Tanha, the housebuilder, is what causes this heaping up and coarsening. In coarsening also a burden arises. It is like minds natural ability to know as forerunner of all phenomena is like open empty space that cannot be traced nor grasped. But when tanha starts to build things up in this open space, things start to heap up. And this is also like a certain weight/burden that also arises.

Our experience is one heap not 5.

This also means that when the aggregates are taught as suffering that really means that aggregation is taught as suffering, heaping up, constructing.

Curious what you think about this.