Not that I know of personally, but there may be scholarship that has attempted to deduce it. Japanese and European scholars have been working on these problems more than English academia has, so it may not be in English if a study has been done.
It would appear that it was known to most Buddhist sects from Lamotte’s footnote to his French translation of Kumārajīva’s Commentary to the Great Prajñāpāramitā Sutra (T1509). His footnotes in that translation are themselves quite a reference sometimes for comparative studies.
Judging by the title of T198, which is “Arthapada” instead of “Arthavargiya,” I’d start with the suspicion it was from a Dharmaguptaka canon. What’s clear from Lamotte’s note is that this text was known throughout the Buddhist world. Every major school appears to have had a version of it, which does argue strongly for it to be very old material.
Here’s a summary of passages that Lamotte lists in his footnote about sources quoting it in various languages:
1. The Commentary on the Great Prajñāpāramitā Sutra
At T1509.25.63c12, the title is transliterated as *Attavagga Sutra (阿他婆耆經). The passage there quotes verses from the Māgandiya Sutta. The Commentary appears to be consistent with Sarvāstivāda doctrine and lore combined with mainstream Madhyamika Mahāyāna philosophy.
However, another quotation at 60c calls it the Myriad Meanings Chapter (眾義品), which is the name given by Xuanzang in his translation of the Mahāvibhāṣā listed below.
2. The Divyāvadāna
This is a Sanskrit collection of avadāna stories from the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya. It gives the title as Arthavargīyāṇi sūtrāṇi.
3. The Kośavyākhyā
This was a commentary by Yasomitra to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharma Kośa. It tells us that the Arthavargīyāṇi sūtrāṇi was found in a Kṣudraka Āgama, which was apparently equiv. to the Theravāda Khuddaka Nikāya.
4. Saṃyukta Āgama (SĀ 551)
The Chinese translation quotes a verse from the Māgandiya Sutta, translating the title of the text as *Arthavarga (義品).
5. Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣā (T1545)
This is Xuanzang’s translation of the mammoth commentary on the Abhidharma Jñānaprasthāna by the Vaibhāṣika branch of the Sarvāstivāda. It translates the title as Myriad Meanings Chapter (眾義品) at 17a13 when quoting a verse. This quote appears to directly follow a verse quoted from a text called the Pārāyana (波羅衍拏).
6. The Vinaya Mātṛkā (T1463)
This is a Chinese Vinaya commentary of unclear origins, apparently written from a Sarvāstivāda perspective. It includes a story about the compiling of the Buddhist canon, and it lists the Dharmapāda (法句), “Explanations of Meaning” (說義 ~ *Arthavarga?), and Pārāyana (波羅延) as examples of sutras that were placed in a Saṃyukta Piṭaka (雜藏).
7. The Chinese Mahīśāsaka Vinaya (T1421)
There’s a story at 144b14 about the Buddha sharing lodging one night with Śroṇakoṭī. After a long (awkward?) night of not saying anything, the Buddha invites him to give a Dharma teaching. Śroṇakoṭī then recites the sixteen Arthavarga sutras (十六義品經).
8. Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya (T1425)
At 416a2, the Buddha teaches a group of monks. Afterward, he asks them if they recite the sutras, and they reply that they do. When he asks which sutras they recite, they say that they recite the Varga of Eight sutras (八跋祇 = *Aṣṭakavarga).
9. Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (T1428)
This is another version of the story with Śroṇakoṭī. Here, the title of his recitation is translated as “Sixteen Lines Meaning” (十六句義). 句義 here might be equiv. to *Arthapāda.